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BIRD-SQL

A Big Bench for Large-Scale Database Grounded Text-to-SQLs

About BIRD

BIRD (BIg Bench for LaRge-scale Database Grounded Text-to-SQL Evaluation) represents a pioneering, cross-domain dataset that examines the impact of extensive database contents on text-to-SQL parsing. BIRD contains over 12,751 unique question-SQL pairs, 95 big databases with a total size of 33.4 GB. It also covers more than 37 professional domains, such as blockchain, hockey, healthcare and education, etc.

News

  • Mar 13, 2024: Please also take a look at our related work: Tapilot-Crossing, which is the first challenging and more realistic benchmark designed to evaluate Large Language Model (LLM) agents on interactive data analysis tasks. The code includes Python and Private Library. And it covers 6 common agent actions in evaluation.
  • Sept 25, 2023: We have released a cleaner version of dev set. Please download dev set again. We checked all cases of dev set and fixed all errors that we found. After cleaning, the ChatGPT (gpt-3.5-turbo) and GPT4 (gpt-4-32k) EX scores have improved to 42.24 (from 37.22) and 49.15 (from 46.35), respectively. Thanks for all feedbacks!
  • Sept 21, 2023: Our paper has been accepted by NeurIPS 2023 as a Spotlight!!! Thanks for all the efforts and suggestions of co-authors, anonymous reviewers, awesome researchers/users in github or emails.
  • July 17, 2023: We update newest results of GPT-4, Claude-2 and Palm-2.
  • July 14, 2023: The data link has been updated, fixing the schema names in the CSV files. Additionally, tied results caused by order_by limit 1 are now considered. Both SQL queries - with and without accounting for tied results - are valid at this time.
  • Jun 12, 2023: We are welcome to any suggestions and reported gold errors in help_wanted. Any of your help is appreciated!
  • Jun 5, 2023: We open-sourced our Graphix-T5, a graph-aware semi-pretrained text-to-text PLM specifically designed to improve multi-hop reasoning for the complex text-to-SQL task.
  • May 30, 2023: If you are interested in ICL, please check out our interesting work deep-thinking🤔. Generate 1000 models for 1000 people smoothly!

Surprise from BIRD

1. Large and Dirty values: Due to the nature of the real-world scenarios from which BIRD's database values were collected, they typically retain their original and frequently "dirty" format. Hence, text-to-SQL parsers must first analyze these values to account for their non-standard format before engaging in reasoning.

2. External Knowledge: "account.type = 'OWNER'" can be inferred by the knowledge evidence: "The condition of the loans require the account type should be the owner."

3. Text-to-Efficient-SQL: BIRD is the first text-to-SQL benchmark designed to encourage semantic parsers to produce SQL queries that are not only correct but also efficient. This emphasis on efficiency is especially valuable in real-world data / business analysis circumstances.

Submission

Please follow the Submission Guideline (below) and contact bird.bench23@gmail.com for test evaluation. Ususally, we will return your results in 10 days!

Subscribe to BIRD Update

Bird is a long-term research project aimed at bridging the gap between semantic parsing models and the success of database applications. To receive the latest updates of the dataset, you can leave your email address.

Email Subscription

Citation

@article{li2024can,
  title={Can llm already serve as a database interface? a big bench for large-scale database grounded text-to-sqls},
  author={Li, Jinyang and Hui, Binyuan and Qu, Ge and Yang, Jiaxi and Li, Binhua and Li, Bowen and Wang, Bailin and Qin, Bowen and Geng, Ruiying and Huo, Nan and others},
  journal={Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems},
  volume={36},
  year={2024}
}
Leaderboard - Execution Accuracy (EX)
Model Code Size Oracle Knowledge Dev (%) Test (%)

Human Performance
Data Engineers + DB Students
✔️ 92.96
Jan 14, 2024 MCS-SQL + GPT-4
Dunamu
UNK ✔️ 63.36 65.45
Apr 08, 2024 OpenSearch-SQL,v1 + GPT-4
Alibaba Cloud
UNK ✔️ 61.34 64.95
Feb 27, 2024 PB-SQL, v1
Seoul National University
UNK ✔️ 60.50 64.84
Feb 21, 2024 Sense
Anonymous
13B ✔️ 55.48 63.39
Apr 10, 2024 GRA-SQL
Tencent CDP-youpu
UNK ✔️ 62.58 63.22
Mar 27, 2024 {Chat2Query} (GPT-4 + data entity modeling) (PingCAP)
PingCAP
[link] UNK ✔️ 58.15 60.98
Nov 16, 2023 Dubo-SQL, v1
Mercator Technologies
UNK ✔️ 59.71 60.71
Oct 12, 2023 SFT CodeS-15B
Renmin University of China
[Li et al. SIGMOD'24]
[link] 15B ✔️ 58.47 60.37
Feb 27, 2024 DTS-SQL + DeepSeek 7B
University of Alberta
[Pourreza et al. '24]
[link] 7B ✔️ 55.8 60.31
Nov 21, 2023 MAC-SQL + GPT-4
BUAA & Tencent
[Wang et al. '23]
UNK ✔️ 57.56 59.59
Oct 12, 2023 SFT CodeS-7B
Renmin University of China
[Li et al. SIGMOD'24]
[link] 7B ✔️ 57.17 59.25
Nov 09, 2023 DAIL-SQL + GPT-4
Alibaba Group
[Gao and Wang et al. VLDB'24]
[link] UNK ✔️ 54.76 57.41
Aug 15, 2023 DIN-SQL + GPT-4
University of Alberta
[Pourreza et al. '23]
[link] UNK ✔️ 50.72 55.90
Jul 01, 2023 GPT-4
Baseline
[link] UNK ✔️ 46.35 54.89
Jul 16, 2023 Claude-2
Baseline
[link] UNK ✔️ 42.70 49.02
Nov 23, 2023 Open-SQL
Anonymous
7B ✔️ 37.68 47.74
Mar 17, 2023 ChatGPT + CoT
HKU & DAMO
[Li et al. NeurIPS'23]
[link] UNK ✔️ 36.64 40.08
Mar 17, 2023 ChatGPT
Baseline
UNK ✔️ 37.22 39.30
Feb 17, 2023 Codex
Baseline
175B ✔️ 34.35 36.47
Jul 16, 2023 Palm-2
Baseline
[link] UNK ✔️ 27.38 33.04
Mar 17, 2023 ChatGPT + CoT
HKU & DAMO
[Li et al. NeurIPS'23]
[link] UNK 25.88 28.95
Mar 17, 2023 ChatGPT
Baseline
UNK 24.05 26.77
Feb 17, 2023 Codex
Baseline
175B 25.42 24.86
Feb 5, 2023 T5-3B
Baseline
3B ✔️ 23.34 24.05
Feb 3, 2023 T5-Large
Baseline
770M ✔️ 19.75 20.94
Feb 3, 2023 T5-Base
Baseline
220M ✔️ 11.54 12.89
Feb 5, 2023 T5-3B
Baseline
3B 10.37 11.17
Feb 3, 2023 T5-Large
Baseline
770M 9.71 10.38
Feb 3, 2023 T5-Base
Baseline
220M 6.32 7.06
Leaderboard - Valid Efficiency Score (VES)
Model Code Size Oracle Knowledge Dev Test

Human Performance
Data Engineers + DB Students
✔️ 90.27
Jan 14, 2024 MCS-SQL + GPT-4
Dunamu
UNK ✔️ 64.82 71.35
Apr 10, 2024 GRA-SQL
Tencent CDP-youpu
UNK ✔️ 67.55 69.56
Feb 27, 2024 PB-SQL
Seoul National University
UNK ✔️ 71.31 68.90
Apr 08, 2024 OpenSearch-SQL,v1 + GPT-4
Alibaba Cloud
UNK ✔️ 68.38 68.80
Nov 21, 2023 MAC-SQL + GPT-4
BUAA & Tencent
[Wang et al. '23]
UNK ✔️ 58.76 67.68
Feb 27, 2024 DTS-SQL + DeepSeek 7B
University of Alberta
[Pourreza et al. '24]
[link] 7B ✔️ 60.31 64.52
Oct 12, 2023 SFT CodeS-15B
Renmin University of China
[Li et al. SIGMOD'24]
[link] 15B ✔️ 59.87 64.22
Mar 27, 2024 {Chat2Query} (GPT-4 + data entity modeling) (PingCAP)
PingCAP
[link] UNK ✔️ -- 63.89
Oct 12, 2023 SFT CodeS-7B
Renmin University of China
[Li et al. SIGMOD'24]
[link] 7B ✔️ 58.80 63.62
Nov 16, 2023 Dubo-SQL, v1
Mercator Technologies
UNK ✔️ 66.01 63.00
Nov 09, 2023 DAIL-SQL + GPT-4
Alibaba Group
[Gao and Wang et al. VLDB'24]
[link] UNK ✔️ 56.08 61.95
Jul 01, 2023 GPT-4
Baseline
[link] UNK ✔️ 49.77 60.77
Aug 15, 2023 DIN-SQL + GPT-4
University of Alberta
[Pourreza et al. '23]
[link] UNK ✔️ 58.79 59.44
Mar 17, 2023 ChatGPT + CoT
HKU & DAMO
[Li et al. NeurIPS'23]
[link] UNK ✔️ 42.30 56.56
Mar 17, 2023 ChatGPT
Baseline
UNK ✔️ 43.81 51.40
Mar 17, 2023 ChatGPT + CoT
HKU & DAMO
[Li et al. NeurIPS'23]
[link] UNK 32.33 49.69
Nov 23, 2023 OPEN-SQL
Anonymous
7B ✔️ 41.56 48.08
Feb 17, 2023 Codex
Baseline
175B ✔️ 43.41 41.60
Mar 17, 2023 ChatGPT
Baseline
UNK 27.97 36.68
Feb 17, 2023 Codex
Baseline
175B 33.37 35.40
Feb 5, 2023 T5-3B
Baseline
3B ✔️ 25.57 27.80
Feb 3, 2023 T5-Large
Baseline
770M ✔️ 22.74 25.00
Feb 5, 2023 T5-3B
Baseline
3B 13.62 15.17
Feb 3, 2023 T5-Base
Baseline
220M ✔️ 12.90 14.70
Feb 3, 2023 T5-Large
Baseline
770M 9.90 12.25
Feb 3, 2023 T5-Base
Baseline
220M 7.78 8.97